![]() Chaturanga refers to four divisions of an army, namely elephantry, chariotry, cavalry and infantry. The name comes from a battle formation mentioned in the Indian epic Mahabharata. Sanskrit caturaṅga is a bahuvrihi compound word, meaning "having four limbs or parts" and in epic poetry often meaning "army". History Krishna and Radha playing chaturanga on an 8×8 ashtāpada The counter-argument is that they remained prominent in literature. The first substantial argument that chaturanga is much older than this is the fact that the chariot is the most powerful piece on the board, although chariots appear to have been obsolete in warfare for at least five or six centuries. It has its origins in the Gupta Empire, with the earliest clear reference dating from the sixth century of the common era, and from north India. The origin of chaturanga has been a puzzle for centuries. The Sanskrit word chaturanga means "four-limbed" or "four arms", referring to ancient army divisions of infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and chariotry. In particular, there is uncertainty as to the moves of the gaja ( elephant). Chess historians suppose that the game had similar rules to those of its successor, shatranj. The exact rules of chaturanga are unknown. The Bhavishya Purana is known to include modern additions and interpolations, however, even mentioning British rule of India. According to Stewart Culin, chaturanga was first described in the Hindu text Bhavishya Purana. Archeological remains from 2000 to 3000 BC have been found from the city of Lothal (of the Indus Valley civilisation) of pieces on a board that resemble chess. It was adopted as chatrang ( shatranj) in Sassanid Persia, which in turn was the form of chess brought to late-medieval Europe. ![]() Ĭhaturanga is first known from India around the seventh century CE. ![]() While there is some uncertainty, the prevailing view among chess historians is that it is the common ancestor of the board games chess, xiangqi (Chinese), janggi (Korean), shogi (Japanese), sittuyin (Burmese), makruk (Thai), and modern Indian chess.
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